I’m very fortunate to have a job in academia. The intellectual freedom and flexibility are tremendous. But I also know my job is different from many other professors’, even when we have the same job description.

I would not have known it, but that’s what my previous chair told me after he observed me teaching for two years. I’ve had students show inappropriate interest, challenge me in class, endlessly contest grades and send nasty emails – but he told me he hadn’t experienced any of that in his 10 years of teaching.

A case in point: while teaching during graduate school, I had a student ask me whether he could use the whiteboard. “Of course,” I answered, and I carried on with discussion while he drew a complicated-looking chart. When I finally asked him what he was drawing, he smugly replied, “Oh, nothing. I was bored and wanted to doodle.”

Nor am I alone in experiencing such behaviour. When I complained on social media about a rude email I had received from a student, I was floored by the number of public and private messages I received from other women. But by now, I’m not surprised: I’ve taught at a large private university, a small private college and two large public universities, and I’ve detected little difference in student behaviour. Yet the routine disrespect female faculty suffer from their students still disappoints me.

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Of course, I’m not saying that male faculty don’t face entitled, immature or otherwise difficult students, and I know that Black, Indigenous and people of colour (BIPOC) can also suffer from similar issues. A  shows that students criticise the personality, appearance, mannerisms, competence and professionalism of women and faculty of colour disproportionately frequently. But my conversations with male BIPOC colleagues suggest that the trend tracks gender more than race.

In her 2004 book Faculty Diversity: Problems and Solutions, JoAnn Moody revealed the extent of the problem. Even when the quality and effectiveness of teaching are the same, students to women and faculty of colour. Students – such as extra credit opportunities or exam resits – from female instructors and are when they are refused.

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Some female faculty that “the hardest part of teaching” is the way students challenge their authority, and the problem is  in departments where the majority of faculty are men. Perhaps that is why it has affected me, a philosopher, so acutely; , only 28 per cent of tenured/tenure-track philosophy faculty were female.

Students’ behaviour reflects who society considers authoritative and what we expect from women. According to the , students see male instructors as “more accurate in their teaching, more educated, less sexist, more enthusiastic, competent, organized, easier to understand, prompt in providing feedback, and they are less penalized for being tough graders”. When prompted to generate profile pictures of professors in various departments, image-generating AI most as white and male. When strangers (such as my dentist or my taxi driver) learn that I’m a professor, they follow up with “do you teach freshmen?” – the implication being, of course, that upperclassmen, who might need more expert guidance, couldn’t possibly be taught by someone who looks like me.

Quite apart from the unfairness to female faculty, this state of affairs is also bad for student equity. If higher education is committed to reaching a diverse student body, female faculty’s unequal social and professional burdens must be addressed because the presence of women faculty, and especially women faculty of colour, students of colour.

So what can we do? There have already been to rethink our reliance on SETs (student evaluations of teaching) for retention, tenure and promotion. Others call for more training and education for students, faculty and staff about gender bias.

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These are good policies, but more must be done to help instructors address the day-to-day difficulties. First, continuing to talk about the phenomenon would help female faculty understand that the behaviour comes from a general resistance to women in positions of authority. Knowing that it’s not about individual instructors can help to take the sting out of negative interactions.

Second, and perhaps most important, pedagogy training must begin to consider the background of the instructor. Many teaching workshops highlight the need to set up courses in a manner that affords all students, no matter their background, a chance to succeed. But in the dozens I’ve attended, not a single workshop has mentioned that the same goes for instructors.

It is time to institutionalise the specific teaching support that female and BIPOC faculty have been long needing. This might mean training faculty in how to professionally address disrespect or to de-escalate tense situations with students. And it might mean making clear from the onset how faculty should seek support. Right now, acknowledgement of the problem and sharing of know-how occurs, if at all, haphazardly between individual instructors, leaving many to their own devices.

The basic fact is that the nature of a teaching job differs dramatically depending on how one physically presents. Until our pedagogical discussions and higher education institutions address this, female faculty will continue to endure a level of disrespect that male colleagues never dream is even possible.

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Hannah H. Kim is an assistant professor in philosophy at the University of Arizona.